MTOR and inflammatory bowel disease: On the other hand, SCFAs intervene in IBD by targeting downstream signaling cascades via these mechanisms, for instance, GPCR mediate SCFA-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) (201, 202), nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) (201), phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K)/mTOR (203), NLRP3 (204), and STAT (203, 205) pathways, essential for the expression of key immune and inflammatory mediators.