An age-dependent alteration of B lymphocyte homeostasis with B lymphopenia and an inversed naive B cell/memory B cell ratio was found, and further investigations are needed to confirm the role of B lymphocytes and to discover new therapeutic targets such as anti-CD45RC antibody (6) or pharmacologic inhibition of IFN-γ or Janus kinase-STAT signaling (61) to ameliorate mucosal fungal disease in APECED syndrome. Here, IFNG is linked to autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1.