VCAM1 and endothelial dysfunction: The anti-inflammatory capacity of HDL, defined as its ability to suppress tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)–induced vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expression at the endothelial level [15], is important for the attenuation of endothelial dysfunction and systemic inflammation primarily through the blunting of transcriptional factors such as nuclear factor kappa-B [16–18].