NPPB and atrial fibrillation: Elevated BNP and NT-proBNP concentrations are integrated as major or minor criteria in the HFA-PEFF score (Fig. 2) using different cut-off levels for patients in sinus rhythm and AF.5 Of note, elevated natriuretic peptide concentrations have been used as inclusion criteria in the PARAGON, DELIVER, and EMPEROR-Preserved trials (see “SGLT2 inhibitors”) [23–25].