EGFR and urinary bladder carcinoma: EGFR was phosphorylated in bladder cancer cells by the EC-secreted EGFR ligands and EGFR ligands, including epidermal growth factor (EGF), amphiregulin, epiregulin, betacellulin, tumor necrosis factor-α and epithelial mitogen are upregulated in EC by co-culturing [78].