PIK3CA and neoplasm: The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway can affect the microenvironment of bladder cancer in several ways [140], such as stimulating the production of growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines that promote tumor growth, invasion, and angiogenesis, enhancing the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and integrins that degrade the extracellular matrix and facilitate tumor migration and adhesion and suppressing the anti-tumor immunity by inhibiting the activation and function of T cells, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells.