There are also published putative AOPs for female reproductive toxicity, including disrupted folliculogenesis and follicle maturation, decreased ovulation, disrupted puberty onset in girls, uterine tumours, and breast cancer causally linked to disrupted hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis signalling, ER activation, estrogen metabolism, and aromatase inhibition (Del’haye et al., 2022; Franssen et al., 2022; Hernandez-Jerez et al., 2023; Johansson et al., 2020; Myden et al., 2022; Wikoff et al., 2016). Here, ESR1 is linked to breast carcinoma.