We found HBP enzymes involved in de novo UDP-GlcNAc generation such as GFPT1 (transcribing GFAT1, logFC = 1.43, p < 0.001), GNPNAT1 (logFC = 2.06, p < 0.001), PGM3 (logFC = 0.90, p < 0.001), and UAP1 (logFC = 0.83, p < 0.001) were upregulated in AML patients as compared to healthy donors, suggesting elevated HBP activity (Figure 3B, Supplementary Table 2). Here, GNPNAT1 is linked to acute myeloid leukemia.