In addition to translational upregulation of EMT markers mentioned above, CSDE1 attenuates miRNA-mediated silencing of the TGF-ß signaling regulator PMEPA1 in melanoma, and maintains the levels of ß-catenin likely by promoting its translation, as shown in hematopoietic cells (29,47,58). This evidence concerns the gene CSDE1 and melanoma.