TNF and neoplasm: Th1 cells effectively generate an anti‐tumor immune response by secreting granulocyte macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF), interferon gamma (IFN‐γ), IL‐2, IL‐12 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) that stimulate cytotoxic lymphocytes and macrophages (M1) thereby promoting inflammation and cellular immunity.23, 24