CCN1 and chronic kidney disease: The results confirmed the presence of detectable levels of urinary CCN1 excretion, and urinary CCN1 was significantly diminished in patients with CKD (4.8 ± 0.3 pg/mg CCN1/creatinine ratio) compared with that of volunteer controls (6.5 ± 0.2 pg/mg CCN1/creatinine ratio) (Figure 7C).