Comparisons of Sj-miRNAs from S. japonicum worm- and egg-derived EVs and primary HSCs of infected mice found that in addition to the eggs, which are the central part of a granuloma, the worm may also deliver informative substances through EVs, such as sja-let-7, to regulate activation of the host HSCs as a form of long-term symbiosis and the anti-fibrotic effect of sja-let-7 is mediated via the Col1α2/TGF-β/Smad axis (Fig 8). The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is Granuloma.