Their mechanism of action was addressed by a review study, which reported that phenolic metabolites derived from phenols, and phenolic acids, can help decrease levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inflammation, protein glycation, inhibition of key enzymes in carbohydrate metabolism in type 2 diabetes, increase expression of the glucose transporter GLUT4, and activate pathways responsible for insulin signaling and secretion, which together improve blood glucose levels .51 Here, INS is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.