Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), a cytokine known for its pro-inflammatory properties, has been found to intensify neuroinflammation and play a role in the development of synaptic dysfunction Another study has revealed elevated levels of senescence-associated secretory phenotype proteins, including IL-6 and TGF-β in both cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma samples obtained from individuals diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease (Caldeira et al., 2014; Si et al., 2021). Here, IL6 is linked to Alzheimer disease.