BCAAS are closely related to the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway (mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin) in mammals (44), whereas abnormal metabolism of BCAAs may also be associated with accumulation of toxic BCAA metabolites that in turn trigger mitochondrial dysfunction and stress signaling associated with insulin resistance and T2DM (43). This evidence concerns the gene MTOR and type 2 diabetes mellitus.