Both 3D co-culture models exhibited reduced levels of pro-inflammatory molecules, such as interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interferon-gamma-induced protein 10 (CXCL10), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) compared to the sum of single cultures, indicating the induction of an immunosuppressive state through cellular interactions and transformations in both models, with a more pronounced effect in GBM-Mo (Supplementary Fig. S12f)33. Here, TNF is linked to glioblastoma.