The MCODE analysis generated 37 hub genes, including ALB, TNF, IL6, VEGFA, IGF1, HIF1A, FOS, CRP, IL10, MMP2, CD34, IGF2, SOX9, POMC, TGFB1, AR, HGF, IFNG, LOX, VWF, ZEB1, AFP, PRL, ELN, GCG, BRCA1, CREBBP, MUC1, PDGFB, SLC2A4, SST, CD40LG, TFRC, IGFBP1, AMH, CD38, COL2A1 that participated in the HIF-1, PI3K-Akt, MAPK, AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications. Here, AFP is linked to diabetes mellitus.