Therefore, measuring GFAP alone is insufficient for determining whether CAW impacts AD-related reactive astrogliosis, and future studies should include additional markers (e.g., genes whose upregulation is linked to “disease-associated astrocytes” such as Serpina3n, Ctsb, Apoe, and Clu) to investigate whether CAW may be altering specific subpopulations of astrocytes. The gene discussed is APOE; the disease is Alzheimer disease.