VTN and glioma: GD3 has also been involved in glioma cell motility and invasion.11,39,60 During the invasion process, GD3 was reported to be upregulated, facilitating tumor cell adhesion to various extracellular matrix components, such as integrins, laminin or matrix metalloproteinases, and influencing their expression, secretion, and functions.11,63–65 First, GD3 was reported to be the most effective adhesion-promoting ganglioside in all glioma cell lines tested on fibronectin collagen I, vitronectin, and laminin.