AKT1 and glioma: In glioma tissue, the phosphorylation levels of the AKT serine/threonine kinase family, the src family kinases and the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) were significantly lower in GD3S-KO cells than in control conditions.12,57 Moreover, it was reported that GD3 was able to form molecular complexes with membrane molecules such as platelet-derived growth factor receptor PDGFRα57 or the SFK Lyn,61 promoting malignant properties of glioma cells by enhancing cell signals transduced through membrane microdomains (lipid/rafts) and then proliferation signals.