Table 1 summarizes some of the signature markers of tumour stem cells for reference. To boost antitumour efficacy, there is rising interest in combining immunotherapy with conventional chemotherapy and targeted medicines. The most promising immunotherapy is chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell treatment, which has been licensed for B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and B-cell lymphoma (144). CAR T cells targeting cd133 in glioma not only have good efficacy in xenograft models but also have no negative effect on normal human CD133+ haematopoietic stem cells (137). The gene discussed is PROM1; the disease is glioma.