Apart from protein coding genes, numerous repeat elements (REs) within the human genome have been associated with PD including SINE-R-VNTR-Alu (SVA) retrotransposon insertion polymorphisms (RIPs), such as a SVA that is inserted in the TAF1 gene that has been associated with the disease X-linked dystonia-parkinsonism, and at least five other SVA inserted within the PD (PARK) gene loci of different chromosomes (41, 42). This evidence concerns the gene TAF1 and Parkinson disease.