According to the transcriptional evaluation, B. pseudomallei induces the expression of innate immune genes and key inflammatory pathways early in infection, and AN_CH_37 treatment downregulates some of these genes, particularly il1b. To validate this, the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 were measured in cell culture supernatants using ELISA 24 hours post-infection (Figures 4A–C). Here, TNF is linked to infection.