Additionally, IL-31 is activated when the IL-31Rα receptor chain in primary human CD1c+ and monocyte-derived DCs is upregulated by IFN-γ stimulation, leading to a dose-dependent release of inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α, IL-6, CXCL8, CCL2, CCL5, and CCL22, causing skin inflammation (109). This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and dermatitis.