We identified 11 genes (CH25H, LHX6, WNT5A, DRAM1, SULF1, LGALS7B, HAPLN4, FXYD5, EFCAB2, TOX and SPRR1A; see Additional file 1: Fig. S14) whose expression changes in response to smoke are modulated by the presence of genetic variants (nominal P < .1, Additional file 2: Table S8), suggesting that those genetic variants might modulate the response to smoke injury and to lung cancer risk. Here, HAPLN4 is linked to lung carcinoma.