GLUD1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: However, GLUD1 overexpression inhibited AKT phosphorylation at Ser473 and suppressed IL-32 levels (Figure 3E), while GLUD1 silencing promoted AKT phosphorylation and IL-32 levels (Figure 3F), suggesting that the inhibition of AKT activation is involved in the suppression of IL-32 by GLUD1 in HCC cells.