However, the success of immune checkpoint therapies targeting cytotoxic T-lymphoid-associated protein-4 (CTLA-4), programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1), and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) has led to a breakthrough in tumor immunotherapy (Li et al. 2019), numerous clinical trials have also successfully revealed that PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors exhibit favorable therapeutic effects (Wang et al. 2024). This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and neoplasm.