PTEN and neoplasm: The phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN) was initially recognized as a significant regulator of cancer suppression by inhibiting the activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) molecular pathway, which can impede tumour cell survival, proliferation, and energy metabolism (Luo et al., 2021; Xu J et al., 2021; Blanco et al., 2022).