TNF and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder: Other neurodevelopmental conditions in children and adolescents were also associated with changes in blood cytokine levels, with increased IL-13 and IL-16 in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (Oades et al., 2010) and increased TNF-α and IL-17A in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) compared to neurotypical youths (Siniscalco et al., 2018).