In a multi-institutional study, researchers found that in patients with NSCLC, RCC, or urothelial carcinoma being treated with d PD-1/PD-L1 mAb had significantly different outcomes based on if they had also received antibiotics proximal to the first cancer treatment.40 Progression free survival and overall survival were lower in those patients who took a course of antibiotics compared to those who did not. The gene discussed is CD274; the disease is non-small cell lung carcinoma.