LIPI and infection: Stronger association with lineage I strains and LIPI-3 has been reported in some studies (Cotter et al., 2008; Zakrzewski et al., 2023), though it can also be found in lineage II strains (Zakrzewski et al., 2023), while LIPI-4 has been reported in both lineage I and II strains, frequently among clinical strains isolated from infections of the central nervous system and placenta (Maury et al., 2016).