TNF and susceptibility to pneumonia measurement: Then, 9, 3, 4, 1, 21, and 7 annotated metabolites displayed significant associations with CRP, SAA1, IL-6, TNF-α, WBC, and GlycA, and 3, 2, 1, 4, 6, 2, and 6 metabolites were significant for the risk of GI, dysentery, pneumonia, BP, BLA, PP, and UTI in at least three MR methods (P < 0.05) and demonstrated no heterogeneity or pleiotropy effects (Supplementary, Table S10).