Some of the most routinely used markers for inflammation and infection in clinical practice (Dos Anjos and Grotto, 2010; Menzel et al., 2021; Yin and Mo, 2022) include cytokines (e.g., interleukin-6 [IL-6] and tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-α]), APPs (e.g., C-reactive protein [CRP] and serum amyloid a [SAA]), and blood cell counts (e.g., white blood cell count [WBC]), representing several components of the inflammatory process. Here, TNF is linked to infection.