The composition of the gut microbiota varies by sex hormones, dysregulation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis and insulin, feeding behavior, and obesity (Yoon and Kim, 2021; Farzi et al., 2018; Kelly et al., 2015; Rusch et al., 2023; He et al., 2021). This evidence concerns the gene INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.