Evidence suggests that chronic inflammation leads to a gradual decrease in AMPK function,128 while an increase in AMPK activity encourages microglial anti-inflammatory M2 polarization.129 Furthermore, AMPK suppresses NF-κB activation in the brain to inhibit inflammatory responses.130,131 In an MPTP-induced PD model, liraglutide was shown to modulate the AMPK/NF-κB pathway, leading to improvements in PD-related motor symptoms, rescue of dopaminergic neurons, and diminished activated microglia in the SN.132 Another pathway by which AMPK regulates inflammation is sirtuin1 (Sirt1). The gene discussed is NFKB1; the disease is Parkinson disease.