TSPO and hepatocellular carcinoma: Activated microglia often led to elevated de novo TSPO expression, which had long been a biomarker of neuronal damage.43,44 The concentration seemed in line with the activation state of the microglia and astrocytes during the progression of the pathology events.45 Emerging evidence also indicated that the existence of TSPO had been found in a diverse number of cancerous cells in humans, such as brain, oral, prostate, oesophageal cancers, colon, breast, and ovarian cancers, as well as endometrial and hepatic carcinomas.6