TLR4 and ulcerative colitis: As TLR4 has been shown to be upregulated in epithelial cells of the bowel during inflammatory conditions such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, it would also be worth investigating TLR4 expression and signaling of the pancreatic ductal epithelial cells during the progression of acute pancreatitis as this could also contribute to immune cell infiltration and activation (140).