This detrimental role for HMOX1 activity in either promoting pathogen replication or impairing the immune response to infection has also been seen in several other bacterial and protozoan pathogens, including Salmonella typhimurium (77), Brucella (78), Burkholderia pseuodmallei (79), and Leishmania chagasi (80, 81). The gene discussed is HMOX1; the disease is infection.