INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: The most important mediators and indicators of this mechanism include TNF-α, IL-6, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6 increase in patients with type II diabetes.8-10 Type II diabetes mellitus, one of the most common metabolic disorders, is caused by a combination of two primary factors: defective insulin secretion by pancreatic β-cells and the inability of insulin-sensitive tissues to respond appropriately to insulin.