These include sex, age, body mass index, smoking status, left ventricular ejection fraction, New York Heart Association classification, presence of diabetes mellitus and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, low SBP, serum creatinine levels, and non-utilization of beta-blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers [4,19,20]. Here, ACE is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.