SGLT2 transporters are present in retinal cells, including mesangial cells and retinal pericytes [38], which may suggest that SGLT2i agents act in directly reducing glucose levels in the retinal microcirculation and hence reduce glucotoxicity, oxidative stress and inflammation, and restore insulin signalling, halting glucose-induced vascular and endothelial dysfunction, progression of microangiopathy and, importantly, diabetic retinopathy [7, 39]. This evidence concerns the gene INS and diabetic retinopathy.