GSDMD and rheumatoid arthritis: Excessive inflammatory cytokines contribute to the pathogenesis of RA.492,493 In patients with RA, synovial fluid exhibits heightened concentrations of IL-1β and IL-18, with macrophages displaying increased expression of NLRP3, caspase-1, and GSDMD-NT.494 Furthermore, the NLRP3 inflammasome within monocytes is triggered in patients with RA, inducing GSDMD-dependent pyroptosis and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6.