GSDMD and infection: During human norovirus (HuNoV) infection, the nonstructural protein P22 activates the NLRP3 inflammasome in enteric stem cell-derived human intestinal enteroids (HIEs), contributing to pyroptosis, and GSDMD pore-released IL-1β and IL-18 promotes inflammation in virus infections.371 Rotavirus infection also leads to pyroptosis in IECs.