ALB and diabetic retinopathy: The risk factors for amputation were assessed using univariate logistic regression analysis, which revealed significant associations between amputation and gender, smoking status, ABI score, Wagner grade, coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, diabetic retinopathy, cholesterol levels, albumin levels, hemoglobin levels, pedal MAC presence, and PAD_MAC presence in patients with DFUs (Table 2).