Publication of the initial results of a large European trial40 of prostate cancer screening and a more general cancer screening trial41 in 2009 led some expert groups (eg, the UK National Screening Committee, as recently as 2020)42 to conclude that population-based screening of all men by measuring PSA concentrations and performing digital rectal examinations was not justified and led to overdiagnosis and overtreatment. Here, KLK3 is linked to Familial prostate cancer.