In LMICs with a shortage of trained urologists, biopsies might not be needed to establish a diagnosis of prostate cancer in men with raised PSA and typical disease presentation, and simple surgical procedures, such as orchiectomy, could potentially be done by trained clinician assistants (in a previous trial,95 hernias repaired by clinician assistants had similar outcomes to those repaired by surgeons). Here, KLK3 is linked to prostate carcinoma.