Publication of the initial results of a large European trial40 of prostate cancer screening and a more general cancer screening trial41 in 2009 led some expert groups (eg, the UK National Screening Committee, as recently as 2020)42 to conclude that population-based screening of all men by measuring PSA concentrations and performing digital rectal examinations was not justified and led to overdiagnosis and overtreatment. The gene discussed is KLK3; the disease is cancer.