TNF and neoplasm: Clubb et al. developed an adenovirus encoding tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-2 (Ad5/3-E2F-D24-hTNFa-IRES hIL-2) that could induce the formation of TLS, enhance ICB efficacy, inhibit tumor growth, and prolong survival in tumor-bearing mice with refractory head and neck cancer [21].