Islet autoantibodies that recognize insulin (IAA), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADA), protein phosphatase-like IA-2 (IA-2A), zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8A), and islet cell cytoplasmic antigen (ICA), are well-validated predictors of risk and disease progression and have been proposed as diagnostic markers of presymptomatic stages of T1D. This evidence concerns the gene INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus.