Gene set activities that were significantly upregulated in TPCS compared to BsP included “Methylated de novo in cancer”, “KRAS signaling UP”, and “EMT”, while “Oxidative phosphorylation” was downregulated in TPCS (Figure 5F), suggesting that the malignant transformation from BsP toward TPCS involves metabolic and epigenomic reprograming downstream of enhanced MAPK signaling and EMT. Here, KRAS is linked to cancer.