HMOX1 and inflammatory bowel disease: Rutin has previously shown therapeutic efficacy in various disease models such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, inflammation, and metabolic syndrome, all of were attributed to its immunological and anti-inflammatory properties regulating pathways including nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K/Akt), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) [20].