PSMD1 and breast carcinoma: Most of the tested human cancer cell lines from various origins (HT1080: fibrosarcoma, U2OS, SAOS-2: osteosarcoma, A549, H1299: lung cancer, HeLa: cervical cancer, Huh7, SNU475, Hep3B: hepatocellular carcinoma, MDA-MB-231: breast cancer, SW480: colorectal cancer) had higher levels of PSMD1 protein compared with that of normal human retinal pigment epithelial cells, small airway epithelial cells, and normal fibroblasts (Wi38 and IMR90) (Fig. 1d).