CS and Abnormal renal physiology: Such a profile may synthesize the information from history/physical exam (presence of diabetes, hypertension, renal dysfunction, critical limb ischemia)5,8–10, noninvasive hemodynamic testing (ABI)4,75, blood and urine tests (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, homocysteine, urinary albumin to creatinine ratio, serum amyloid A, and D-dimer levels)9,12,13,76,77, muscle biopsy (carbonyl adducts, protein concentration, citrate synthase measurements)17,18,31,47, leg imaging (calf muscle density) and a muscle performance test (weaker lower plantar flexion strength and knee extension power)38.