Alternatively, Toll-like receptors (such as TLR4 and TLR5) can also have redundant functions that contribute to UTI susceptibility independently of evidenced antimicrobial gene dose-dependent effects nor immunomodulatory α-Defensin 1-3/DEFA1A3 interactions (2, 4, 5, 6, 46). The gene discussed is TLR4; the disease is bacterial urinary tract infection.