AR and prostate carcinoma: This led to the discovery of membrane-bound AR that can be found in a range of cell types including Sertoli cells (Gorczynska & Handelsman 1995), prostate cancer cells (Hatzoglou et al. 2005, Sun et al. 2006), satellite cells from human skeletal muscles (Sinha-Hikim et al. 2004) and some immune cell types such as T lymphocytes (Benten et al. 1999a) and macrophages (Benten et al. 1999b).