Another crucial element supporting a function for CD1d in disease is the fact that the levels of expression of CD1d have been shown to be altered in a number of autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (Bosma et al., 2012), psoriasis (Bonish et al., 2000), rheumatoid arthritis (Kojo et al., 2003) or IBD (Perera et al., 2007), as well as in viral (Moll et al., 2010) or bacterial (Raghuraman et al., 2006) infections and during tumour progression (Nair and Dhodapkar, 2017). Here, CD1D is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.